EVALUATING DIFFERENT FACTORS THAT AFFECT WATER-ENERGY-FOOD NEXUS IN SENANGA, ZAMBIA

Abstract

The Water-Energy-Food (WEF) Nexus is a critical framework for analyzing the interdependencies between water, energy, and food systems, particularly in regions vulnerable to climate variability. This study evaluates the key factors influencing the WEF Nexus in Nande, Senanga, Zambia, using a mixed-methods approach that integrates both qualitative and quantitative data. The research involved 153 household surveys using a questionnaire containing 105 questions, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions complemented by secondary data from meteorological and hydrological records. Key quantitative findings indicate that only 49% of rural residents in Nande have access to basic drinking water, while 46.7% have electricity. Additionally, the 2023–2024 drought led to a 40% decline in maize production, leaving 6 million Zambians at risk of food insecurity; this, in turn, affected the people of Senanga. Qualitative data from stakeholder interviews highlight the increasing reliance on traditional biomass, with 95% of rural households using firewood or charcoal, leading to deforestation and environmental degradation. Farmers reported crop failures due to erratic rainfall patterns, while fishermen observed declining fish stocks due to pollution and water scarcity. The study identifies sustainable strategies to enhance resilience, including solar powered irrigation systems, climate-resilient crops, and integrated resource management policies. Findings underscore the urgent need for cross-sectoral collaboration and policy interventions to ensure sustainable resource management, food security, and energy stability in rural Zambia.