Assessment of the Impact of Deforestation on Soil Erosion Using Geospatial Techniques and the RUSLE Model in Sudan

Abstract

Soil erosion represents a significant environmental challenge in Sudan, primarily attributed to deforestation driven by agricultural expansion, fuelwood extraction, and charcoal production. This study investigates the impact of deforestation on soil erosion within South Kordofan State, utilizing geospatial techniques and the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model. Annual soil loss was quantified by considering factors such as rainfall, soil type, slope, land cover, and conservation practices. Land use land cover (LULC) analysis facilitated the assessment of afforestation and deforestation dynamics. The results indicated annual soil loss values of 1078 tons/ha/year (2017), 920.47 tons/ha/year (2019), 474.443 tons/ha/year (2021), and 742.929 tons/ha/year (2023). Fluctuations in annual soil loss were observed, with an initial increase followed by a subsequent decrease, correlating with the temporal dynamics of vegetation cover reduction in upland areas for agricultural purposes. The observed residual increase may be attributed to additional factors such as intensified rainfall events or changes in wind patterns. Correspondingly, the mean soil loss in bare ground areas exhibited a rising trend, increasing from 7.524 km² (2017), 5.234 km² (2019), 12.567 km² (2021), to 25.427 km² (2023), reflecting the impact of deforestation. This study identifies areas of severe erosion loss that necessitate targeted mitigation measures. To reduce soil loss severity in South Kordofan State, stakeholders and policymakers should prioritize conservation strategies, including reforestation, area closure, agroforestry practices, and participatory watershed management.